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When people talk about gene editing safety, the focus is usually on detection: where are the off-targets? How many are there? Can we trust the data? However, many issues start much earlier within the experimental design. If the design isn’t right, the data won’t be either.

Despite the rapid evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems, base editors, and prime editors, the tools used to characterise off-target activity have not always kept pace. Many widely adopted methods rely on indirect readouts, PCR-amplified libraries, or fragmented multi-assay workflows. Others measure the final genomic outcome long after editing has occurred, rather than capturing the break event itself. 

As editing programs move from early discovery toward IND-enabling studies, the pressure shifts from identifying events to discriminating between them. The challenge is no longer technical detection. It’s decision clarity.